Better Late Than Never

The article, Globalization: Threat or Opportunity for the U.S. Economy, was written to explain the specifics of how outsourcing and off-shoring affect the economy, and recommend general guidelines for how the drawbacks could be lessened. It presents outsourcing in a positive light, and explains why and to what extent it actually increases the revenue generated in the United States. It successfully explains the root cause of America's weaknesses and comparitive advantages.

It was presented by a the CEO of a bank to the primary stockholders, and as such, his job was at stake. First, because he was presenting to the people who pay his salary, and second, the accuracy and effectiveness of what he said would affect the success of his business. It has been propagated through several web sites that illustrate the significance and success of the document. The author has gained considerable credibility, and his principles have proven to be popular.


1. Analogy. By comparing a family to a market economy, the author takes a seemingly complex situation and makes it simple and easy to understand. It isn't overly simplistic, and is also easy to relate to.

2. Overstatement. He states that "basically, everyone benefits" from globalization. Although he himself contradicts this later, it is an effective opening statement to set the tone that it is an overall benficial process.

3. Tone. The author consitently maintains an easy-going tone. Although he focusses heavily on statistics, he speaks about them as though they are just side-evidence, and treats his thesis as though it proves itself. Both in his explanation and recommendations, he promotes a feeling of security and trust in the natural economy.

4. Understatement. When attempting to measure the job loss that initially occurs with outsourcing, he admits that there are no official statistics and measurement standards. He dwarfs this fact with a number of credible sounding statistics and dazzling numbers that distract the attention.

5. Simile. "Words about aggregate demand can seem like cold comfort to..." This certainly helps to establish a sense of empathy with the target audience. It demonstrates understanding of the situation on the personal level.

6. Rhetorical question. "Is globalization a threat or opportunity to the U.S. economy?" He clearly demonstrates the risk involved, and the nature of the "investment", and never clearly answers the question definitively. I got the feeling that he's saying it's such a good opportunity, it would be a risk NOT to take advantage.

Globalization: Threat or opportunity for the US Economy?

1. This article, Globalization: Threat or opportunity for the US economy is a great debate about whether outsourcing, offshorring and free trade is a good or bad thing. The writer uses much ethos to back up his thesis and doesn't use very many alternate forms to persuade readers.

2. This article was written for the Federal Reserve Bank of San Fransisco in 2004. The target audience was thus economists and other capitalists in the US. He wants to pose the pros and cons to these people so that something can change in the economy to better the US public and workers. The author Robert T. Parry was a very well of CEO of The San Fransisco Reserve Bank. He retired in 1986 and became an advocate for better economic policies in the US and increase job opportunities. Being this CEO gave him great incite into the US economy so he know what can be changed and what should be done.

3. Diction. The first paragraph is very formal and direct. This helps the author gain ethos in the eyes of readers that may be top CEO's themselves. This works for the audience because without this formal style of writing it would be hard to listen to his beliefs on the economy.

Analogy. In the Free trade paragraph he eludes to an analogy of a family and a country. He is trying to say that they act the same way in regards to the its cost efficiency policies. This works because it helps the reader take in the meaning of free trade so that it can make sense in the mind of someone not very economical.

Understatement. On page 107, the author says that open trade creates opportunities in the US by helping foreign polices. This could be stated a lot stronger but it helps show the reader that really the author is not a fanatic and just sincerely want to help the US economy.

Imagery. In the first paragraph of outsourcing, the author tell a story about a Michigan car manufacturer, that makes a picture in our minds. This helps us visualize what outsourcing really is. It is not just some abstract term.

Metaphor. In the second paragraph of outsourcing, it states that offshorring is the global cousin of outsourcing. This helps us realize the partnership of these two practices. They really aren't related they just do practically the same thing.

Tone. In the last section, the author changes his tone to that of informative and to helping and giving solutions to the problems he has eluded to. This shift in tone really helps push the point that the economy can be fixed we just need to do something. This boosts this ethos.

AIDS and India

This article was basically bringing to our attention the problem that AIDS could cause especially for developing countries. Gates is trying to motivate everyone to contribute to the prevention of a worldwide epidemic. She just lists all the ways it is possible to prevent.

Melinda French Gates is the wife of Bill Gates and together they have created the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation. She is very much an advocate of rich countries and associations doing all they can to help those that may not be as blessed. I think that her intended audience is mainly towards these types of organizations as well as to the common people who want to make a differnence.

Tools:
She relates a lot to her first hand experiences in India, which gives her credibility.

She also gives statistics about how many people have HIV already in India and how many are estimated to have it by the end of the decade, and then compared it to being twice the population of New York.

She says that women need to be more empowered "ensuring [them] and place at the table" which is a great example of a metaphor.

She uses the wording "I had an eye-opening dialogue," which is an overstatement. Her eyes weren't physically opened wider.

She uses repetition when she says "needs more clinics, more condoms, more testing, more information and more treatment."

And lastly she uses diction in the concluding sentence of the article to communicate her point with a bang at the end.

Moisture is the Essence of Wetness, and Wetness is the Essence of Beauty

This article is a terrifying warning of the wars, economic instability, and dangers there is to come to the world if we allow bottled water to continue being sold and controlled by privatized companies. This article was written by Joshua Ortega, and was originally published in the Seattle Times Newspaper four years ago. Ortega gives some very bold statements on his predictions for our future regarding water, and uses many tools to get his point across.

TOOLS:

-Logical Support: This is the first tool I noticed when I was reading through the article. In his argument that bottled water is no more healthy than tap water, he gave some stats (page 146, paragraph 5) about the amount of bottled water that actually is contaminated. This gives credibility to his argument, and makes sense to the reader. You cannot argue with these facts, so it is a very good argument for his case.

-Overstatement: This tool is used many times to shock the reader into trying to realize how much of a problem this actually is. One example is on page 150 which reads: "If there is one cause in the whole world that crosses all social, national, racial, and economic lines, it's water. This is the most important issue we will face in our lifetime." Who knows if this really is the most important issue we will face, but the author does a good job of overstating to prove his point.
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Water Wars Analysis

The article "Water Wars: Bottling Up the World's Supply of H2O” written by Joshua Ortega is mainly about the negative effects bottled water has or can have on the environment, America’s economic stability, as well as America’s general welfare. Ortega conveys his message to the people of the Seattle Washington by getting his article published in The Seattle Times newspaper on March 21, 2005. The general assumption is that the message is directed to an environmental conscious audience.

Tools

Simile: “Taking away your water is the same thing as putting a gun to your head.” Even though this statement is not meant to be taken literally, it is used by Ortega in order to stress the absolute necessity for water. This helps sure up the foundation of his argument and helps the reader understand more fully what it is that is at steak.

Figurative Language: The sixteenth paragraph contains references to the change that has come to water markets by the writer figuratively speaking. This is done in order to build up the writer’s credibly and, by extension, make an appeal to ethos.

Allusions: Ortega recounts an incident that occurred in Canada where the local government deregulated its water protection infrastructure thus causing the death of seven and the sickening of many others. This was done as another attempt to establish an appeal to logos. By mentioning a past experience the base of the writer’s argument can be strengthened.

Diction: The opening paragraph is meant to attract the reader’s attention and thus is an appeal to pathos. Ortega effectively uses words in his opening paragraph that are both powerful and meaningful.

Overstatement: Ortega’s second paragraph is meant to in a way summarize his following point. This is done by using an overstatement to convey his message. It is an appeal to pathos because he is trying to convey his summation to the reader.

Tone: The closing statement of Ortega’s article is an appeal to pathos due to the fact that the last few sentences carry a type of rousing tone for the reader to actually go out and do something about the argument that was presented.

AIDS and India

This article is by Melinda Gates (Bill Gates' wife) and is about AIDS in India. Most of the population of India does not know what AIDS is and Melinda wants people to take the initiative to help support educating others about the dangers of AIDS. She wants people to help teach those in India how to avoid getting AIDS so that it doesn't take over their country. This article was initially published in the Seattle Times opinion section in April of 2004. This is a pretty well-known newspaper; it is the largest daily newspaper in Washington. This article was meant to be read and seen by many average Americans.

1. Overstatement "India is on the brink of an AIDS catastrophe that could undermine the country's potential for progress." (p. 187) This is a statement used to try to shock the readers of this newspaper. Obviously it would take a lot of time for AIDS to have this big of an impact on their country's progress. The next paragraph says that in the next decade as many as 20 million Indians could have AIDS; this is not a very big percentage of their entire population.
2. Reliability "But as I recently saw firsthand...what I heard during my trip to Calcutta..." (p. 187) The author is trying to build up her credibility by referencing the trip that she took to India. The audience is more likely to believe her if she is talking about personal experiences she had instead of just what she has read about the country.
3. Examples "Shockingly, 70 percent of Indian women have never even heard of AIDS." (p. 188) This is an example given to help support the idea that there is a problem. This helps build logos but also has an impact on pathos. By using this she convinces the audience that there is a severe problem. It is a very shocking statement and it plays with the audiences' emotions.
4. Emotion "I was particularly moved when...[they] started singing "We Shall Overcome."" (p. 188) This is a portrayal of Melissa Gates' own emotions. She is trying to convey the feeling felt there so that readers will have the same emotional response that she did. If they can feel her emotion they will be more inspired to make a change.
5. Conclusions "But every nation that has successfully reduced infections rates has recognized the need to promote open discussion..." (p. 189) Gates here is drawing conclusions that are very convincing to the readers. If I want countries to stop AIDS, I have to convince others that they need to talk about it because that is how it stops. This logic works well on the readers.
6. Audience Character "Individuals can make a difference, too-there are things that each of us can do to help stop AIDS around the world." (p. 190) This is an appeal to the audience. By giving them an opportunity to help, it almost guilt trips them into helping. The audience thinks that they are bad if they do not help because it is so easy. By giving a link to a website she puts the situation in the hands of the people and so they feel responsible.
   

Globalization: Threat or Opportunity for the U.S. economy?

This article argues mostly how globalization appears to hurt the US economy but really helps to boost it. He names the advantages of outsourcing and some policies that can help protect US workers. The author also gives many factual and statistical examples to illustrate what is being written.

The article was published in 2004 but is adapted from remarks given by the author at a convention of investment professionals. Robert T. Parry was president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and he served on the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve System, the governmental body that sets monetary policy and interest rates. His prior experience makes his opinion a valid one because of his experiences.

Tools:

1. Personification. This makes one identify with the idea that the author is trying to express by giving it human qualities the person can relate to. The author uses the term "health" to speak of the state of the economy.

2.Tone. The over all tone is that of confidence and knowledge causing the reader to trust what they read and allows them to understand and identify with the content. Throughout the article the tone is very professional without being drastic nor too relaxed. Appeals to ethos.

3. Examples. The author gives many, many statistics supporting his argument and appealing to logos. He states that the US bought $77 billion worth of services from foreigners but sold $130 billion to foreigners; a number which is far greater.

4. Goodwill. The author appeals to logos by showing that his concern is not only for the US by stating that economic activity flows in both directions as a result of globalization and free market strategies when applied correctly and appropriately.

5. Trustworthiness. The author appeals to ethos again by acknowledging that some policies aren't as effective as desired but he feels the concepts they are based on are right on. He states that this is his opinion and leaves it open for others to come to their own conclusion rather than just telling us it is the best way there is.

6. Metaphor. In order to allow the reader to better understand the complex nature of economics and international trade he likens it to a family and how they live and perform the necessary functions to survive. This allows greater clarity and understanding on the part of the reader making it easier for them to identify and agree with the writer.

Lecture on International Flows of Humanity

Mini Analysis on “Lecture on International Flows of Humanity” by Kofi Annan (5-A)

1. The article is about immigration and how both immigrants and host countries can benefit from it. The writer argues for both human rights and wise management of immigration in an effort to appeal to both sides of the argument. The article says that if immigration is monitored in a successful, humane way both parties stand to benefit.
2. Background info on Kofi Annan:
• Won Nobel Peace Prize in 2001
• From Ghana
• 7^th Secretary General of the United Nations
• Strives to: strengthen UN work in areas of development and bring the UN “closer to the people”
• Has served with the Office of UN High Commissioner of Refugees

The lecture was delivered at Colombia University on November 21, 2003

Background info on Audience (Colombia University):

· In New York

· One of the top Academic/Research Institutions

· Attracts a diverse/international faculty and student body

· Expects highest levels of learning from students and for students to convey the products of their learning to the world

3. List and analyze the use of six tools:

1. Allusion: “Emma Lazarus’s immortal words promised welcome to the tired, the poor, the wretched, and the huddled masses yearning to be free”(p.84)—this provides an appeal to pathos because it reminds the audience of their country’s mission and makes them feel that they have an obligation to uphold it

2. Diction/connotation: “Human rights and national security”(p. 85 and throughout)—this provides appeals to both ethos and pathos because these are loaded words that people seem to have and emotional reaction to. By using both of these words Annan shows the audience that he is willing to acknowledge both sides of the argument; this makes the audience more willing to listen and be persuaded.

3. Examples: “Among those rights is the right to family unity—and in fact families reuniting form by far the largest stream of immigration into North America and Europe.” (p. 87)—this provides an appeal to logos because it states a fact and deduces from it logically. The audience is able to make their own conclusions based on logic.

4. Personification: “The more we try to deal with migration simply by clamping down on it with tighter border controls…”(p. 87)—this is an appeal to pathos because it dramatizes it.

5. Conclusion: “This experience shows that stronger borders are not necessarily smarter ones.” (p. 87)—this is an appeal to logos because it allows the audience to hear a fact and the conclusions drawn from it

6.Metaphor: “Trafficking is a modern form of slavery” (p. 87)—this is an appeal to pathos because it is slavery is a loaded topic and sparks emotional reactions from the audience.

Bottled Water

The article I chose to write about is the one about water privatization.  In this section the author Joshua Ortega talks about the problems of bottling water and the potential effects to come if this is continued.

When I researched a little about this article I learned that this was originally published in the Seattle Times.  This is where Josh is from.  In fact he went to school at the University of Washington.  He has had many articles published and even worked on novel books for star wars, star trek, spiderman etc.  

Tools

1.  Diction-  This appeals to ethos because he speaks very formally and without slang.  This makes him a credible source to audiences.  This causes them to trust in what he is saying because he sounds like he knows what he is talking about.

2.  Imagery-  In the opening sentence the author describes water.  He uses imagery to help us understand what we're bottling up and wasting.  This appeals to pathos because we realize what we're doing.  The affect on the audience is remorse.

3.  Examples-  Throughout the entire article the author uses numerous facts to portray what he is trying to prove.  This appeals to logos.  The audience can see where he is coming from and why he is telling us this important information.

4.  Trustworthiness-  On the third page of the article we see that he addresses a possible counter argument.  This appeals to ethos because we know he isn't trying to slide us some illegitimate argument, but he has seriously looked over things that could be good arguments.  This makes the audience trust him to give us his best opinion.

5.  Anger-  On one of the last pages we read something about how water companies just want money and that's all they care about.  This appeals to pathos because we're against the water companies (at least we're supposed to be).  This makes the audience have a negative feeling towards the owners of these companies and thus want to agree with the author.

6.  Emotion-  On the last page last paragraph the author says, "it's not too late."  This appeals to the audiences pathos.  After reading this article the audience is hopefully more open to the proposition and then being told that they can do something about it makes them feel empowered.

H20 Realization

The article "Water Wars: Bottling up the World's Supply of H20", is about how tap water is proven healthier and more enviornmentally sound then bottled water. The idea behind the analysis is to get the globe aware of the true facts of bottled water.

"Water Wars: Bottling Up the World's Supply of H20" was written by Joshua Ortega in The Seattle Times on March 21, 2005. The writers goal was to get the American audience aware of the true meaning of bottled water and encouraging all those to participate in helping fix the problem.

1. Overstatement: Taking away your water is the same thing as putting a gun to your head.

This appeals to pathos because its working with the audience emotions to try to over due the idea of taking water away. Giving such a death threatening statement as a gun to the head brings off the idea that taking away water is suicidal.

2. Connotation: However, bottled water is ultimately a band-aid solution. This sentence appeals to ethos. It gives off a voice of opinion by the writer that gives the analysis character. Giving a simple solution such as a band-aid to a small cut shows that bottled water is not a strong solution to having clean water, but more of a quick idea thrown together to look like something is being done to stop water from being polluted.

3. Simile: The evidence is as clear as the plastic it's in- bottled water, compared to good tap water, is not worth the costs, whether they be environmental, health-related or economic. This article appeals to pathos. Again the writer shows how simple a solution to polluted water is to the audience, With simple examples such as this simile, he tries to show the audience that with there help they can actually do something about bottled water.

4. Allusion: This brings ethos into the picture. It's ethos because it builds your credibility by fact.  An energy crisis was bad enough- just imagine if the Enron scenario happened with water. The writer refers to an older crisis to have the audience relate to the harshness of the energy crisis. By bring up past events, individuals are able to relate better to the seriousness of the task at hand.

5. Allusion: When the French privatized there water services, there customer rates went up 150% within a few years. This also appeals to ethos because it talks about previous history facts giving the writer credibility that he knows what he is talking about.

6. Imagery; History is rife with conflicts over one party or another's control of unlimited resource. This sentence is logos. It paints a mental picture of parties fighting over a limited resource such as water. Bringing the picture of war and conflict brings worried feelings to audiences, giving them a sense of responsibility.

Wal-Martian

Just to recap, this article gives an insight to Wal-Mart and the inequality they exhibit towards their workers. The author spent a time working at Wal-Mart in an effort to see what a "Wal-Martian" worker's life is really like. Overall, this article is to catch the attention of America in an effort to change the terrible inequality shown to Wal-Mart Employees.

When researching this article, I found that the author was very interested in socio- economic differences, and put's forth an effort to help those that suffer from inequality throughout America. Due to this interest, I feel that she went to work at Wal-Mart in an effort to find something wrong, and for information to write her book. Although she may have taken the time to work at Wal-Mart, she failed to realize that this was not the true reality of the situation because at the end of the night she could go home to her comfortable lifestyle. This article was written in an attempt to attract the American audience and gain their sympathy towards Wal-Mart employees. Since many Americans use Wal-Mart as their source of groceries, and other home items, this article appeals to all and makes you feel as though Wal-Mart is "the big bad wolf". It is my personal belief that this article was written in an attempts to help Wal-Mart employees, but in fact I find that it may be more of a hurt than a help to them.

1. Overstatement- The author uses an overstatement to make Wal-Mart look worse than it truly is. At one point she advances to calling Wal-Mart, "the worlds largest sweatshop." This overstatement causes the reader to have misconceptions about Wal-Mart, and to feel guilt for letting this go on before their eyes.
2. Metaphor- A metaphor is used in this article on page 130, the author states that employees at Wal-Mart are like, "a creature afflicted with the appetite of a starved hyena that does not have time for necessities." This statement has an appeal because it is demeaning to Wal-Mart employees by referring to them as animals, she uses this to get the point across that Wal-Mart employees are treated very bad, much like unto an animal. This appeals to the audience's pathos because it makes the audience feel tender towards the employees and want to help so that they are no longer treated this way.
3. Irony- This is used periodically throughout the article, but my favorite quote is the last sentence. It states, "Earth to Wal-Mars, or wherever you come from: Live with us or go back to the mothership." When she says this she doesn't mean that Wal-mart should literally "go back to the mothership" (because this would be impossible), but rather that Wal-Mart needs to learn to set better guidelines for their employees so that they can enjoy a greater quality of life. This appeals to the audience because it provides comedy relief, but also provides them with a statement that will make them remember the ideas mentioned in the article.
4. Denotation- She uses this when she states that Wal-Mart has become, "decentralized." After this word she states that literally this word means it has become out of control. I find that this is one of the only times throughout her article that she is quite serious about something, and think that she provides this as a means to show that this is a serious matter. I also find it interesting that she provides a definition after the word, in which she makes the article understandable and relatable for most readers.
5. Diction- Throughout the article the author uses the word Wal-Martian. I find that this word affects the meaning of the article because it portrays Wal-Mart to be something foreign or non human and is therefore demeaning to humans. Although it gives the article a comic feel, it also provides a demeaning nature towards Wal-Mart and their "Martian" like workers. This appeals to the audience, because at first it provides a funny and interesting title and approach, but as you sit and think about the article you realize that this word was not just used for comic relief, but to show a hurtful approach to Wal-Mart.
6. Allusion- Last but not least, the author uses an allusion in her very first paragraph when she talks about John Kerry and Dick Cheney. Through references to these two political figures, she provides how the government shares two separate views on Wal Mart, and an allusion to how naive they are to the "inequality" that is being portrayed throughout these superstores. Through this tool she attracts an audience's attention because she helps them to realize that even the government is confused about this situation, and unaware of what to do about it.

Water Privatization

This article is about the misconception that bottled water is somehow safer than tap water. It goes on to say how tap water is held to higher regulations than bottled water but has begun to be privatized. Privatization has made rates go up 150 percent making some people unable to afford the basic necessity of water.
This article was originally published in 2005 in the Seattle Times. The debate is whether bottled water is actually good for the environment or not and whether or not the government should be responsible for provide a clean tap water source. It was an article published for a more liberal audience, hence the opinion that the government should provide its people with clean water rather than see it privatized.
1. Tone. The entire article is written in a tone that mocks big business and privatization. This helps the audience feel similarly about what the author is writing.
2. Rhetorical question. But how can bottled water be contaminated and still be sold in the U.S.? This creates for the audience the sense that their bottled water is unsafe and that somehow the United States is responsible for that.
3. Allusion. The author refers to a major recall of Perrier water. An analogy such as this which parallels the idea that bottled water is unsafe only solidifies this fact for the reader.
4. Overstatement. The author quotes the vice president of World Bank, "The wars of the next century will be about water." The truth is that water is an essential resource and will probably be fought over economically but combat will never actually take place. When the audience reads war they visualize hand to hand combat which they wish to avoid at all costs.
5. Diction. On page 149 when speaking of water privatization he uses the word whim to describe how businesses will treat water. Whim has a fanciful carefree meaning to it. It implies that businesses would not regulate how water is priced or cared for. Again this scares the audience into feeling that privatization is a bad thing.
6. Syllogism. Private companies are in the war and defense industry. These companies are also the ones buying into water. Therefor, Privatization of water is equal to starting war. It gives the audience the feeling that these companies will manipulate the world's water supply only for their own profit whether it be in selling the water or starting war and profiting from the other goods they produce.

Water Wars

The article, “Water Wars: Bottling Up the World’s Supply of H2O” tells how tap water is healthier and more environmentally friendly than bottled water. It is about getting the world to be aware of this problem and change the misconception that bottled water is healthier than tap.

“Water Wars: Bottling Up the World’s Supply of H2O”by Joshua Ortega was published in The Seattle Times on March 21, 2005. This article is aimed towards the people living in America. It is to get the audience aware of the water problem and to encourage them to take action.

1. Rhetorical Question: But how can bottled water be contaminated and still be sold in the U.S.?
-This question appeals to pathos and is one that does not need an answer, but causes the reader to think about the issue of contaminated bottled water. The reader gets more involved in the issue by considering different answers to this question.

2. Simile: Whether in America or less-developed countries, the evidence is as clear as the plastic it’s sold in-bottled water, compared to good tap water is not worth the costs, whether they be environmental, health-related or economic.
-This simile appeals to pathos and causes the reader to stay focused on the negative aspects of bottled water. In this sentence, the reader is reminded of the plastic bottles that are not environmentally friendly.

3. Diction: Indeed, it is a strange day when the same corporation that makes bombs and missiles also owns your water, an “industry” that putatively will be the major focus of this century’s wars.
-This appeal to pathos. The emotions of the audience are being affected by the word choices. Bombs and missiles send out negative and bad vibes that cause the reader to have a negative feeling towards the water companies.

4. Allusion: So much fuss was made about France’s opposition to the war in Iraq, yet there was little or no public outcry over the selling of U.S. water companies to foreign interest.
- The allusion appeals to pathos and also logos. The war in Iraq has had a huge effect on Americans and brings sensitive feelings to the audience. This allusion makes the reader think about the importance of the situation compared to the war in Iraq.

5. Overstatement: The IMF and the World Bank are actively promoting water privatization as a solution to the world’s water problems.
- This appeals to pathos; promoting water privatization will not end all the world’s water problems. This overstatement causes the reader to believe that water privatization can end all the water problems in the world, which makes this important to the audience.

6. Overstatement: Taking away your water is the same thing as putting a gun to your head.
-This overstatement appeals to pathos. It causes strong emotions to be felt by the audience. Putting a gun to your head sends negative feelings to the audience and puts the issue of bottled water on a much more important level. It causes the reader become more serious about the issue because putting a gun to your head is a very serious thing.

WW1 = Water War 1

The main idea of the article "Water Wars: Bottling Up the World's Supply of H₂O"  is how the effect of bottled water on our nation and the world as a whole and the potential effects it has on the future of the earth.  Joshua Ortega wants us to change our outlook on bottled water and make the switch to tap water.  "Water Wars: Bottling Up the World's Supply of H₂O" was featured in the March 21, 2005 issue of The Seattle Times, he writes to the citizens of the Seattle, Washington area.

Tools

1. Overstatements- A war over water would be a hundred times worse. This appeals to pathos. It helps the audience know that we need to be careful on the things we intake, because if we are not careful things could get really bad. This works for the audience, due to the face that this article was written at a time when we were at war and nobody wanted to be in that war.
2. Analogies-However, bottled water is ultimately a Band-Aid solution. This also appeals to the emotions of the readers. In the world, mainly third world countries, bottled water is the only source of drinking as compared to the United States were bottled water is considered a “luxury” rather than a product that is needed every day.  Thus bottled water fixes the problem of not having water and can be considered a Band-Aid
3. Imagery-Clean, unpolluted, affordable water. There is nothing more important in the world—but it’s in serious danger. This appeals to pathos, as it paints a very distince picture of how the clean water is in danger if we just sit back and don't do anything. The does the job that Ortega wants as it helps us realize that we really need to think about what we do and what things we put into our streams and lakes.
4. Allusion- An energy crisis was bad enough--just imagine if the Enron scenario happened with water. This appeals to logos. This works with the audience the Enron scenario was something we were all familiar with and we never want to go through that scare again. 
5. Diction- Bottled water gives the pre-packaged impression of safety.  Ortega's use of the word impression, has a resolute image, as something that we need really think about. A lot of the time bottled water never really impresses us, in fact I don't think I've ever been impressed by bottle water.
6. Conculsion- And above all else, remember that it’s not too late. Clean, affordable water is still a reality in this country. It is our patriotic duty as Americans to ensure that it stays that way. This plays important role in both logos and pathos. Ortega lets us know that we need to do something about the things we love. The way he says it makes us all feel like getting out there and doing something. 

The Bottle vs. The Tap

The article I chose discusses the benefits of using tap water over bottled water. The author claims that we shouldn't allow public water to be privatized because then we will not know if it is contaminated or not. Buying bottles of water is more expensive to our pockets and the environment than is simply using our tap.

Published: March 21, 2005
Paper of Origin: The Seattle Times
Target Audience: Consumers of water (everyone) and calling for those who buy bottled water to stop doing so
Audience Beliefs: Not a lot of people give a ton of regard to whether or not they are using tap water or bottled water
Debates: Some people are really into the whole "SmartWater" thing (hey, I am) and claim that this water is somehow healthier than tap water. If your tap water tastes nasty, filter it.

Tools -
1) Tone - "If it's in a bottle, it must be safe and clean" - The author uses a sarcastic tone that mostly plays to the audiences pathos and making them realize that water is water.
2) Metaphor - "Bottled water is ultimately a Band-Aid solution" - With this the author tries to convey that buying bottled water doesn't help anyone. In fact, all it does is raise prices on a necessity for those who can't necessarily afford it. Again, this plays on the audience's logos. If we really observe the facts and reason through this issue, it is obvious to see that tap water is a much better way to access water than bottled water.
3) Allusion - "History is rife with conflicts over one party or another's control of a limited resource" - This plays on the audience's pathos and logos because when thinking about this topic, we need to be aware of history and learn from our past mistakes.
4) Simile - "Taking away your water is [like] putting a gun to your head" - Water is a valuable resource, a necessity even, and if we don't have control over our water, which is what would happen if we privatized the industry, we are basically signing our own death warrant. This plays on the audience's pathos and logos. We need to be mindful of the harm that can come about from privatizing water. There are plenty of world-wide examples of why this is a bad idea.
5) Overstatement - "It is our patriotic duty as Americans to ensure that it stays that way" - Although making sure clean water is available to everyone, it is a bit dramatic to say that it is our patriotic duty to do so. This is definitely an appeal to pathos and trying to stir feelings of pride within Americans.
6) Personification - "Nothing speaks louder than when you spend your dollar" - This is personification because money can't really talk. This is a tough one to assign to a single appeal but I'm going to have to go with logos. It is logical to think that those who only care about earning money will listen if people don't buy their product. This influences the audience to recognize that they have power to change things.